1. What Is Zakat Al Fitr ?
In Islam, Zakat al-Fitr, also known as Sadaqat
Al-Fitr (Charity of Breaking the Fast) or Zakat al-Fitrah
is a form of alms-giving which Islam considers required of
every able Muslim at the end of Ramadan. The purpose of Zakat
Al-Fitr is to enable poor people to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, the festival
to break the fast of Ramadan. The word zakah is connected by idaafah (genitive structure in Arabic grammar) to fitr because the occasion of breaking the fast is the reason why this zakah becomes obligatory.
2. What Is The Wisdom Behind Zakat Al-Fitr ?
Ibn ‘Abbaas said: “The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) made Zakat Al-Fitr obligatory as a means of purifying the fasting person from idle talk & foul language, & to feed the poor. Whoever pays it before the Eid prayer, it is an accepted zakah, & whoever pays it after, it is just a kind of (sadaqah).” (Bulugh Al Maram)
Another profound aspect of paying Zakat Al-Fitr is ensuring that indigent Muslims, lacking adequate resources & sustenance, can partake in the joyous festivities of Eidul Fitr alongside their peers & loved ones, rather than enduring isolation & deprivation, bereft of sustenance for themselves & their guests.
3. Is Zakat Al-Fitr Compulsory ?
The correct view is that it is fard (obligatory), because
Ibn ‘Umar said: “The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) made Zakat
Al-Fitr obligatory,” & because of the consensus of the cholars
(Al-Mughni, part 2, Baab Sadaqat al-Fitr)(ijmaa’) that it is fard.
4. When, Who & How Much A Person Should Pay Zakat Al-Fitr Before End Of Ramadan ?
Zakat Al-Fitr becomes obligatory when the sun sets on the last day of Ramadan. Anyone who gets married, has a baby born to him or becomes Muslim before the sun sets on thatday, has to give Zakat Al-Fitr [on behalf of himself and/or his new wife or new baby], but if thathappens after sunset, he does not have to give it… Whoever dies after sunset on the night of fitr, sadaqat al-fitr must be given on his behalf. This is what Ahmad stated.”
(Al-Mughni, Part 2, Fasl Waqt Wujoob Zakat Al-Fitr).
5. Who Should Receive Zakat Al-Fitr ?
Zakat al-Fitr is given to 8 categories of people to whom zakah al-maal may be given. This is the opinion of the major Scholars, According to the Maalikis, one of the opinions of Ahmad and the opinion of Ibn Taymiyyah, it should be given exclusively to the poor and needy. Al-Shaafa'i said: “Zakat al-Fitr should be divided among those among whom zakah al-maal is divided, and it should not be spent anywhere else. It should be shared out among the poor and needy, slaves who have made a contract to purchase their freedom from their masters, debtors, those who are fighting in the way of Allah, and wayfarers. (Kitaab Al-Umm: Baab Day`ah Zakat al-Fitr qabla Qasmihaa)
Al-Nawawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said, after quoting the hadeeth of Ibn `Abbaas (may Allah be pleased with him) that The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to Mu’aadh (may Allah be pleased with him): “Tell them that they have to give sadaqah (charity) that is to be taken from their wealth and given to the poor
“It is not permissible to give any part of zakaah to a
kaafir, whether it is Zakat al-Fitr or zakah al-maal…
Maalik, al-Layth, Ahmad and Abu Thawr said: ‘They
(i.e., kaafirs) should not be given it.’”
Zakah should be given to the poor, those who have
overwhelming debts, and those whose salaries are
not enough to last until the end of the month, in accordance with the level of their needs.
It is not permissible for the one who gives Zakat al-Fitr to buy it back from the one to whom he has given it. (Fataawaa Al-Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen)
6. How To Distribute Zakat Al-Fitr ?
It is preferable for the person who is giving to share it out himself. (Al-Shaafa'i said): “I prefer to share out Zakat al-Fitr myself rather than give it to the one who is collecting it.”
l-Nawawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: “Al- Shaafa'i said in al-Mukhtasar: ‘Zakat al-Fitr is to be shared out among those to whom zakah al-maal is 1shared out. I prefer that it should be given to relatives on whom it is not obligatory to spend at all.’ He said: ‘If he prefers to give it to the one who is collecting it, this should be fine, in sha Allah… but it is better to share it out himself… If he gives it to the Muslim leader or the collector or the one who is collecting the people’s Zakat al-Fitr, and he is given permission to give it, this is fine, but sharing it out himself is better than all of this.” (Al-Majmoo`, Part 6)
It is permissible to appoint a trustworthy person to hand it over to those who are entitled to it, but if he is not trustworthy, then it is not allowed. “Abd-Allah ibn al-Mu’ammal said: “I heard Ibn Abi Mulaykah, when a man was saying to him, ‘So-and-so told me to leave my Zakat al-Fitr in the mosque,’ Ibn Abi Mulaykah said, ‘He does not know what he is talking about. You go and share it out (yourself), otherwise Ibn Hishaam (the governor who was collecting it in the mosque) will give it to his guards and whoever he wants’ (i.e., he would give it to people who were not entitled to it).”(Al-Umm: Baab Day’at Zakat Al-Fitr Qabla Qasmihaa)
Imaam Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) stated that it is permissible to share out one saa’ among a group of people, or to give many saa’s to one person…
Maalik said: “there is nothing wrong with a man giving sadaqat sssssssssssal-fitr on behalf of himself and his family to one needy person.”
(Al-Mudawwanah, part 1, Baab fi Qasm Zakat al-Fitr)
If one is giving less than a saa’ to a poor person, this must be pointed out, because he might use it to pay his own Zakat al-Fitr.
It is permissible for a poor person, if he receives Zakat Al-Fitrah
from someone and he has more than he needs, to give it on his
own behalf or on behalf of one of those who are dependent on
him, if he is sure that the food is OK (i.e., it is the right type of food
and the quantity is sufficient).
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